INTRODUCTION
The fact that this book’s subjects had to be limited to 492—as in the year 1492, which would have made this a trilogy—is proof of the overflowing richness of Italy’s culture and descendants. After doing all the fascinating research, I’m convinced Italy is one of a handful of nations that has contributed the most to our world.
I could have included yet another artist, another singer or actor, another soccer player, another delicious food or beautiful town, etc. But at who or what else’s expense? Again: only
492. . . .
Plus it’s a book of positives. Here you won’t find Al Capone, the Borgias, or Charles Ponzi. Of the far less notorious, the author had to choose whom to omit—not difficult when so many deserve inclusion. Thus, also omitted are a major but particularly anti-Semitic early-Hollywood director, a middle-famous singer known for wife-beating, and a super-famous singer known for his gangster connections and threatening manners. Naturally missing are Mussolini (excepting the inspiration for his first name) and his fascists.
Then there’s the question of religion. Most Italians and Italian Americans are Catholics, as is this author’s mother (whose mother was a Leoni). There’s no separating Italy’s history from that of the Church, but although tempted, I omit the current pope, the first one from the Americas—an Argentine Italian—since some might then ask, what about previous popes? Etc. (Et cetera is included.)
There’s also not a lot here about ancient Rome, most of which was impressive but often negative: dictator Julius Caesar, his great-nephew Augustus who instituted that long line of power-clenching emperors; imperialism and conquest, slavery and gladiators, etc., etc. Besides, ancient Rome is pretty remote from us, excepting the wide-ranging influence of Latin, e.g., terracotta (baked earth
). Also e.g.
In this book, non-English and non-Italian words are italicized (a-ha!: ital-icized), including those in Latin and French, one of the globe-spanning Latin languages—the author speaks three, among them la bella lingua.
So, caro reader—be you Italian American, half, actually Italian, or none of the above—it is my hope that you’ll be entertained and enlightened by this labor of love. I guarantee you’ll be surprised, as I was, by the sheer range of Italian contributions, and I am sure anyone with a drop of Italian blood will finish this book even prouder of their heritage.
Viva l’Italia!
Boze Hadleigh
Beverly Hills, CA
L’Accademia di Belle Arte (Academy of Fine Arts) in Florence was Europe’s first art school, founded in 1563 specifically to teach the techniques of drawing, painting, and sculpture. Its art collection—the Galleria dell’Accademia—was begun in 1784 to provide subjects for students to study and copy. The gallery includes paintings by Bronzino, Ghirlandaio, Lippi, and Pontormo, but the most notable of the Academy’s artworks is Michelangelo’s David, one of the two or three most famous statues in the world.
Aida was composed by Giuseppe Verdi to celebrate the opening of the Suez Canal and debuted at Cairo’s new opera house in 1871. It’s been playing somewhere ever since. Perhaps unintendedly, it was a pioneering interracial love story, for the main male character is Egyptian (Radames, a general) and the main female character is an Ethiopian slave (the daughter of Ethiopia’s king). Radames hopes in vain to marry Aida, but the pharaoh’s daughter Amneris is in love with him. To make a long opera short, he’s accused of treason, sentenced to death, and entombed alive in a temple where his love has already hidden herself, so the two can die in each other’s arms.
Alfa Romeo. Most countries produce one or two world-class sports cars. For instance, Germany has the Porsche and Britain has the Jaguar. However, Italy has Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Lamborghini, Lancia, and Maserati—all originally separate companies, all but one now owned by FIAT (which also owns Chrysler). Alfa Romeo’s history is more complex than its cousins’ and originally involved French co-ownership, though from 1932 to 1986 it belonged to an Italian state holding company. The initial name was A.L.F.A.—Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili, founded in Milan in 1910. One of its Italian investors was surnamed Romeo.
The firm’s first racing car bowed in 1913 and Alfa Romeo won the inaugural Grand Prix in 1925. To stay profitable after World War II, the company offered smaller cars as well, and in 1954 introduced the Alfa Romeo Twin Cam engine, in production until 1994. In the 1960s and ‘70s Alfa Romeo had a run of successful sporty consumer cars and took first prize in several motorsport categories, including Grand Prix motor racing, Formula One, sportscar racing, touring car racing, and rallies. The Alfa Romeo image is sportif, deluxe, and Italian high-quality. The company logo—a red cross on the left, a serpent devouring a man on the right—is basically the Milanese coat of arms.
Alfredo sauce was created in the early 1920s by Roman restaurateur Alfredo di Lello for his renowned Fettucine Alfredo. An instant success, it comprised heavy cream, butter, grated Parmesan cheese, salt, and pepper. Subsequent versions may employ egg yolks, flour, and garlic. Created for pasta, the rich sauce is now also used with chicken, vegetables, and other choices, and is manufactured by numerous concerns, e.g., Newman’s Own Alfredo Pasta Sauce.
Amaretti. Amaro means bitter, amaretto is the diminutive. Amaretti (plural) are macaroons made with chopped or ground bitter and sweet almonds mixed with egg whites and sugar. They may have soft centers or be crisp and easily crumbled and used in other desserts. The most coveted amaretti are the elegantly paper-wrapped Amaretti di Saronno.
Amaretto. Amaretto di Saronno, from Saronno in Lombardy, is the most famous but not the sole manufacturer of Amaretto, a liqueur flavored with bitter almonds (also apricot pits). Additionally, it’s used to lend a sweetish bitter almond flavor to other drinks and to desserts.
Don Ameche was born Dominic Amici (1908-1993). Although the winner of a Best Supporting Actor Oscar for Cocoon (1985), he was best known for the title role in The Story of Alexander Graham Bell (1939), an extremely popular biopic of the telephone’s alleged inventor. For years, the telephone’s nickname was an Ameche,
ironic insofar as the instrument’s true inventor may not have been the Scotsman charged with patent fraud, but the Italian Antonio Meucci (see upcoming entry).
If Ma Bell sounds more natural than Ma Meucci, it’s mostly due to sheer repetition.
Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512) couldn’t have dreamed that his first name, in feminized form, would become the most famous geographical name—for two continents and one superpower—in modern history. (By contrast, Columbus only got a nation, Colombia (sic), and a federal district (of Columbia) named after him. Also a movie studio.) A Florentine banker, explorer, and cartographer, it was Vespucci and not Columbus who first realized that the lands west of the Atlantic Ocean were separate continents, not the eastern edge of Asia.
(Incidentally, Vespucci, who financed ships sailing to the Indies,
helped supply the beef rations for at least one of Columbus’s voyages.)
Manuel I, king of Portugal, invited Amerigo to be an observer on several voyages exploring the east coast of what would become South America. It was on one such voyage that Vespucci discovered the geographical truth, so in 1507 cartographer Martin Waldseemüller proposed that a part of Brazil which Vespucci had explored be named after him: America. The name stuck, and was later applied to all of Brazil, then to the entire southern continent, and eventually to both continents. Fortunately, the German employed the mellifluous America
rather than Vespuccia.
Viva Amerigo!
Sofonisba Anguissola. Few nonscholars have heard of this female painter from Cremona born in 1532. A pioneer art student at a time when education was largely denied to women and careers considered indecent for married women, she wed twice but followed her work to the royal court in Madrid. Anguissola remained a professional artist until her death at 93 in 1625, back when the average lifespan was much shorter.
Antipasto comes from the Latin for before-the-meal and is intended to awaken the appetite, not satisfy it. Italian homemade meals seldom include an antipasto unless it’s a special occasion, though restaurant meals often do. Southern antipasti are simpler than northern ones. Antipasto dishes may be served hot, cold, or room temperature. They use meat sparingly and whole fish almost never, unless small like anchovy or sardines. Stuffed, grilled, or sauteed vegetable dishes are widespread, as are salads. Pasta salads are uncommon in Italy, unlike rice salads. Cold seafood salads are popular.
Michelangelo Antonioni (1912-2007), like Fellini, apprenticed with pioneering neorealist Roberto Rossellini. Previously, Antonioni worked in a bank and reviewed films. Screen success came late, with L’avventura (The Adventure) in 1960. Antonioni’s ‘60s movies, many starring then-lover Monica Vitti, featured little plot but held audience interest and established his auteur reputation. Antonioni’s made-in-England Blow-Up (1966) was an international hit, but emphatically not so his made-in-the-USA Zabriskie Point (1969). Thereafter, smaller budgets, waning health, and a stubbornly sexist perspective diminished the quantity and quality of his output.
The arch. Contrary to popular myth, the Romans didn’t invent the arch, which existed in Greece, Egypt, etc. Roman arches were adapted from northern Italy’s Etruscan versions.
But pre-Roman arches were used to support smaller structures, like storerooms. With Roman concrete, the empire builders could include arches in bigger and bigger structures, and more often—in everything from amphitheatres (e.g., the Colosseum) and aqueducts to temples and triumphal arches in the Roman Forum.
Architects. Not only Italian painters and sculptors but Italian architects were internationally sought after for centuries. For instance, after Ottoman sultan Mehmet II conquered Constantinople in 1453, he invited architects like Antonio Averlino—known as Filarete—to the renamed Istanbul. The symmetrical lines of Topkapi Palace resemble those of Milan’s Ospedale Maggiori, designed by the Italian. Other invitees included Bologna’s Aristotele Fioravanti, who declined and instead headed for Moscow, where he worked on the Kremlin.
Arcimboldo. If you’re not sure whether you’ve viewed his work, you haven’t. The most famous paintings of Giuseppe Arcimboldo (1527-1593) are unforgettable. Particularly his Four Seasons series in which the polymath—he was also an architect, scientist, engineer, and stage and costume designer—painted each portrait’s head and shoulders from a myriad of each season’s fruits and vegetables. Also his reversible paintings which, turned upside-down, change from a bowl of vegetables to The Vegetable Gardener or a platter bearing cooked meats becomes a grotesque The Cook.
Much of Arcimboldo’s career was spent outside Italy, as he served three Hapsburg emperors in a row before being allowed to return to his native Milano.
Argentine Spanish is considered the most musical Spanish in Latin America. Why? It’s spoken with an Italian rhythm and emphasis that belie the high percentage of Italian immigration into that country. The Buenos Aires telephone directory contains almost as many Italian surnames as Spanish ones. Italian American actor Guy Williams, born Armando Catalano (see upcoming entry), moved to and died in Buenos Aires during the 1980s. He declared, I feel more at home and, curiously, more in touch with my roots here than in the U.S. or Italy.
Armani is synonymous with clean, tailored lines in menswear—and with success. In 2001 Giorgio Armani, born in 1934, was pronounced Italy’s top designer, achieving sales of $1.6 billion (his personal worth exceeds $8 billion). Originally intended for a medical career, he switched to window dressing, then selling menswear. In 1975 Giorgio and his younger partner (who died in 1985 at 40) launched Armani,
selling clothes out of the front trunk of a VW Bug.
In time, the line added perfumes, accessories, and other luxury goods. Armani’s empire numbers 13 factories, almost 5,000 employees, and stores in 36 nations.
The Michelangelo of Menswear
has also designed costumes for over 100 films (e.g., The Untouchables, 1987) and for performers like Italian American Lady Gaga.
In 2008 Armani established a healthy precedent when he banned models with a body mass index below 18, following the death from anorexia nervosa of model Ana Carolina Reston.
Pellegrino Artusi. Rarely do cookbooks have a national importance and sociological impact, but Artusi’s 1891 La Scienza in Cucina e l’Arte di Mangiar Bene (The Science of Cookery and the Art of Eating Well) was such a book. Published three decades after Unification, it was the first cookbook to embrace various regional cuisines as part of a national body. A Tuscan, Artusi favored northern cooking and overlooked many simple foods of the impoverished majority, but he wasn’t geographically exclusionary. Besides, he wrote his book in formal Italian, which helped spread the national language at a time when more and more people were learning to read and write Italian while using their own dialect at home.
Arugula the salad vegetable (known in Britain as rocket) was little known outside Italy until the 1980s, when it became trendy. The name reportedly originated in the 1970s, via Italian emigrants, specifically restaurateurs, using the southern Calabrian dialect aruculu (also arucula). As for rocket, it derives from the peppery plant rucola, the diminutive of ruca, meaning rocket!
Charles Atlas appeared in one of the longest and most famous print-ad campaigns ever, promising to turn the proverbial 97-pound weakling
into an envied muscleman like himself. Most Americans had no idea that Atlas was born Angelo Siciliano (1892-1972) in Acri, Calabria. His new surname derived from his shoulders seeming able to uphold the globe, like the mythical Atlas.The top muscleman of his time, Atlas brought bodybuilding into the mainstream and founded his own company in 1929. It’s still marketing a fitness program for that 44-kilogram weakling.
Frankie Avalon. Born Avallone in 1940 in Philadelphia, Frankie played trumpet on TV at 11, opted for singing, then scored a monster hit in 1959 with Venus.
Most of his hits were written and/or produced by Bob Marcucci. When Avalon turned to acting, he renewed his fame in the mid ‘60s as half of Frankie and Annette, teen fans’ favorite screen couple. He and Annette Funicello romped—chastely—through beach movies like Beach Party, Beach Blanket Bingo, and How to Stuff a Wild Bikini. In 1978 Frankie dazzled as Teen Angel in the hit musical Grease, and in 1987 he reteamed with Annette in Back to the Beach.
Awards. Italy’s major entertainment awards are the David di Donatello Award for motion pictures, the Premio (Prize) Regia Televisiva for television, the Premio Ubu for the stage, and the Sanremo Music Festival.
In 2013 Gina Lollobrigida auctioned off her 1956 David di Donatello Award by jeweler Bulgari (given for her performance in Dangerous But Beautiful) via Sotheby’s. The move was controversial—unlike the concurrent auctioning of her jewels, which fetched almost $5 million—insofar as that particular film award was now historic.
Kaye Ballard (née Balotta) is best known for her hilarious—stereotypical, yet with heart and truth—Italian American characterizations on TV as costar of The Mothers-in-Law (produced by Desi Arnaz) and supporting actress on The Doris Day Show. She was in too few movies, like The Ritz and Freaky Friday. Ballard, an accomplished singer and Broadway star, has continued performing for charity, often on behalf of PETA—People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals—into her late eighties.
Back when she was introduced to Frank Sinatra, she proffered a cheery, Eh, paisan!
to which he coolly replied, I’m an American.
Baloney. First, as some tourists have discovered, if one visits Bologna, Italy, and asks for bologna or baloney
meat, it means nothing. Eventually one may be given mortadella, the local sausage made from beef, pork, chicken, turkey, venison, or even soy protein. Second, it was Oscar Mayer who anglicized bologna into baloney, and in the USA October 24 is National Bologna Day—spelled right, but of course mispronounced.
Baloney! A perfectly good word of Italian derivation unfortunately superseded by the Anglo-Saxon expletive that’s often preceded by bull. The slang word from the name of an Italian city famous for its sausage that came to mean nonsense (or horsefeathers, etc.) was popularized in the 1930s by Alfred E. Smith, four-time governor of New York and the first Catholic major-party nominee to run for president, in 1928 on the Democratic ticket. Smith often used baloney
to refer to the bureaucracy in Washington, D.C. (that he hoped to join).
Balsamic oil. The genuine article’s full name is Aceto Balsamico di Modena—Balsamic Oil of Modena (balsamic referring to the balsam-like aroma). This condiment has been known in Modena and Reggio Emilia for centuries. Ironically, it took an American to make it popular throughout Italy and the rest of Europe. In 1976 Chuck Williams offered it for sale at his Williams-Sonoma kitchen specialty store in San Francisco after bringing samples back from Italy. The following year it was offered in his national catalogue, which elicited the interest of Italian American restaurateurs, which piqued the interest of Italian chefs, which . . . anyhow, now it’s globally known.
Actually not a vinegar, it’s made primarily from must of the white Trebbiano di Castelvetro grape, traditionally slowly boiled down to a half or third its initial volume. Various aging processes then take place, and though not labor-intensive, the product is
